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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacob Bekenstein</span></h1>
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<p><b>Jacob David Bekenstein</b> (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Hebr%C3%A4ische_Sprache" title="Hebräische Sprache">hebräisch</a></span> <bdo dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r238817682">
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</style><bdi dir="rtl" lang="he-Hebr" class="Hebr hebrew" style="unicode-bidi:isolate;font-style:normal">יעקב בקנשטיין</bdi></bdo>; * <a href="1._Mai" title="1. Mai">1. Mai</a> <a href="1947" title="1947">1947</a> in <a href="Mexiko-Stadt" title="Mexiko-Stadt">Mexiko-Stadt</a>; † <a href="16._August" title="16. August">16. August</a> <a href="2015" title="2015">2015</a> in <a href="Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="Finnland" title="Finnland">Finnland</a>) war ein <a href="Israel" title="Israel">israelisch</a>-US-amerikanischer <a href="Physiker" title="Physiker">Physiker</a>.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ausbildung">Ausbildung</h2></div>
<p>Bekenstein studierte am <a href="Polytechnic_Institute_of_New_York_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytechnic Institute of New York University">Polytechnic Institute</a> in <a href="Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, wo er 1969 einen <a href="Master_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> erwarb. Danach wechselte er an die <a href="Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, wo er 1972 bei <a href="John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a> <a href="Promotion_(Doktor)" title="Promotion (Doktor)">promovierte</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wissenschaftliche_Karriere">Wissenschaftliche Karriere</h2></div>
<p>Von 1976 bis 1990 lehrte er an der <a href="Ben-Gurion-Universit%C3%A4t_im_Negev" title="Ben-Gurion-Universität im Negev">Ben-Gurion-Universität im Negev</a> in <a href="Be%CA%BEer_Scheva" title="Beʾer Scheva">Beʾer Scheva</a>. Seit 1990 war er Professor an der <a href="Hebr%C3%A4ische_Universit%C3%A4t_Jerusalem" title="Hebräische Universität Jerusalem">Hebräischen Universität Jerusalem</a>, wo er seit 1993 den Michael-Polak-Lehrstuhl für <a href="Theoretische_Physik" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretische Physik">Theoretische Physik</a> innehatte.
</p><p>Bekenstein war einer der Begründer der <a href="Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik">Thermodynamik</a> <a href="Schwarzes_Loch" title="Schwarzes Loch">Schwarzer Löcher</a> und leistete wichtige Beiträge zur Verbindung von <a href="Information" title="Information">Information</a> und <a href="Gravitation" title="Gravitation">Gravitation</a>. Nach ihm sind die <a href="Bekenstein-Hawking-Entropie" title="Bekenstein-Hawking-Entropie">Bekenstein-Hawking-Entropie</a> und die <a href="Bekenstein-Grenze" title="Bekenstein-Grenze">Bekenstein-Grenze</a> – die maximal mögliche <a href="Informationsgehalt" title="Informationsgehalt">Information</a> in einer Kugel – benannt. Er formulierte 2004 die <a href="Tensor-Vektor-Skalar-Gravitationstheorie" title="Tensor-Vektor-Skalar-Gravitationstheorie">Tensor-Vektor-Skalar-Gravitationstheorie</a>, eine zur <a href="Allgemeine_Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie">allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie</a> alternative Beschreibung der gravitativen Vorgänge in der <a href="Kosmologie" title="Kosmologie">Kosmologie</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitgliedschaften_und_Ehrungen">Mitgliedschaften und Ehrungen</h2></div>
<p>Er war seit 1997 Mitglied der <a href="Israelische_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften" title="Israelische Akademie der Wissenschaften">Israelischen Akademie der Wissenschaften</a> und Träger des <a href="Rothschild-Preis" title="Rothschild-Preis">Rothschild-Preises</a>. 2005 wurde er mit dem <a href="Israel-Preis" title="Israel-Preis">Israel-Preis</a> für Physik ausgezeichnet. 2012 erhielt er den <a href="Wolf-Preis" title="Wolf-Preis">Wolf-Preis in Physik</a>, und für 2015 wurde ihm der <a href="Einstein-Preis" title="Einstein-Preis">Einstein-Preis</a> der American Physical Society zugesprochen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privatleben">Privatleben</h2></div>
<p>Bekenstein war verheiratet und wurde Vater dreier Kinder. Neben der israelischen besaß er auch die US-amerikanische Staatsbürgerschaft. Er starb am 16. August 2015 im Alter von 68 Jahren an den Folgen eines <a href="Herzinfarkt" title="Herzinfarkt">Herzinfarkts</a> in Finnlands Hauptstadt Helsinki, wo er sich zu einer <a href="Vorlesung" title="Vorlesung">Vorlesung</a> aufhielt.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veröffentlichungen"><span id="Ver.C3.B6ffentlichungen"></span>Veröffentlichungen</h2></div>
<ul><li><i>Nonexistence of baryon number of static black holes.</i> In: <i><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review D.</a></i> Band 5, 1972, S. 2403–2412 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v5/i6/p1239_1">Zusammenfassung</a>).</li>
<li><i>Black holes and entropy.</i> In: <i>Physical Review D.</i> Band 7, 1973, S. 2333–2346 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v7/i8/p2333_1">Zusammenfassung</a>).</li>
<li><i>Generalized second law of thermodynamics in black hole physics.</i> In: <i>Physical Review D.</i> Band 9, 1974, S. 3292–3300 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v9/i12/p3292_1">Zusammenfassung</a>).</li>
<li><i>Statistical black hole thermodynamics.</i> In: <i>Physical Review D.</i> Band 12, 1975, S. 3077–3085 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v12/i10/p3077_1">Zusammenfassung</a>).</li>
<li><i>Black-hole thermodynamics.</i> In: <i>Physics Today.</i> Januar 1980, S. 24–31.</li>
<li><i>Energy cost of information transfer.</i> In: <i>Physical Review Letters.</i> Band 46, 1981, S. 623–626 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v46/i10/p623_1">Zusammenfassung</a>).</li>
<li><i>Universal upper bound to entropy-to-energy ratio for bounded systems.</i> In: <i>Physical Review D.</i> Band 23, 1981, S. 287–298 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v23/i2/p287_1">Zusammenfassung</a>).</li>
<li><i>Black holes and everyday physics.</i> In: <i>General Relativity and Gravitation.</i> Band 14, Nr. 4, 1982, S. 355–359, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982GReGr..14..355B">1982GReGr..14..355B</a>.</li>
<li><i>Specific entropy and the sign of the energy.</i> In: <i>Physical Review D.</i> Band 26, Nr. 4, 1982, S. 950–953 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v26/i4/p950_1">Zusammenfassung</a>).</li>
<li><i>Entropy bounds and the second law for black holes.</i> In: <i>Physical Review D.</i> Band 27, Nr. 10, 1983, S. 2262–2270 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v49/i4/p1912_1">Zusammenfassung</a>).</li>
<li>mit <a href="Mordehai_Milgrom" title="Mordehai Milgrom">Mordehai Milgrom</a>: <i>Does the missing mass problem signal the breakdown of Newtonian gravity?</i> In: <i>Astrophysical Journal.</i> Band 286, 1984, S. 7–14, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984ApJ...286....7B">1984ApJ...286....7B</a>.</li>
<li><i>Entropy content and information flow in systems with limited energy.</i> In: <i>Physical Review D.</i> Band 30, 1984, S. 1669–1679 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prd.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v30/i8/p1669_1">Zusammenfassung</a>).</li>
<li><i>Communication and energy.</i> In: <i>Physical Review A.</i> Band 37, Nr. 9, 1988, S. 3437–3449 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v37/i9/p3437_1">Zusammenfassung</a>)</li>
<li>mit M. Schiffer: <i>Quantum Limitations on the Storage and Transmission of Information.</i> In: <i>International Journal of Modern Physics.</i> Band 1, 1990, S. 355–422, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0311050">quant-ph/0311050</a>.</li>
<li><i>Information in the Holographic Universe.</i> In: <i><a href="Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>.</i> Band 289, Nr. 2, August 2003, S. 61.</li>
<li><i>Relativistic gravitation theory for the MOND paradigm.</i> In: <i>Physical Review D.</i> Band 70, 2004, 083509, Erratum in: <i>Physical Review D.</i> Band 71, 2005, 069901, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0403694">astro-ph/0403694</a>.</li>
<li><i>Of Gravity, Black Holes and Information.</i> Di Renzo Editore, Roma, 2006, ISBN 88-8323-161-9.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer Ouellette: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cocktail-party-physics/in-memorium-jacob-bekenstein-1947-2015-and-black-hole-entropy/"><i>In Memoriam: Jacob Bekenstein (1947-2015) and Black Hole Entropy.</i></a> In: <i>Scientific American.</i> Online, August 17, 2015; abgerufen am 19. August 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis Overbye: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/22/science/space/jacob-bekenstein-physicist-who-revolutionized-theory-of-black-holes-dies-at-68.html"><i>Jacob Bekenstein, Physicist Who Revolutionized Theory of Black Holes, Dies at 68.</i></a> In: <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</i> 21. August 2015. Abgerufen am 24. August 2015.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jacob_Bekenstein?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Jacob Bekenstein</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.huji.ac.il/~bekenste">Homepage von Jacob Bekenstein an der Hebrew University</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.huji.ac.il/~bekenste/Bekenstein_CV.pdf">Lebenslauf von Jacob Bekenstein</a> (englisch; PDF; 140&nbsp;kB)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inspirehep.net/search?p=find+a+Bekenstein%2CJacob">Veröffentlichungen von Jacob Bekenstein</a> bei <a href="SPIRES" title="SPIRES">SPIRES</a></li></ul>
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<div class="klappleiste-kopf">Träger des <a href="Wolf-Preis" title="Wolf-Preis">Wolf-Preises</a> in Physik</div>
<div class="klappleiste-inhalt mw-collapsible-content">
<p>1978: <a href="Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a>&nbsp;|
1979: <a href="George_Eugene_Uhlenbeck" title="George Eugene Uhlenbeck">George Eugene Uhlenbeck</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Giuseppe_Occhialini" title="Giuseppe Occhialini">Giuseppe Occhialini</a>&nbsp;|
1980: <a href="Michael_E._Fisher" title="Michael E. Fisher">Michael E. Fisher</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">Kenneth Wilson</a>&nbsp;|
1981: <a href="Freeman_J._Dyson" title="Freeman J. Dyson">Freeman J. Dyson</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Gerard_%E2%80%99t_Hooft" title="Gerard ’t Hooft">Gerard ’t Hooft</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a>&nbsp;|
1982: <a href="Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman">Leon Max Lederman</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a>&nbsp;|
1983/4: <a href="Erwin_Hahn_(Physiker)" title="Erwin Hahn (Physiker)">Erwin Hahn</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Peter_B._Hirsch" title="Peter B. Hirsch">Peter B. Hirsch</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Theodore_Maiman" title="Theodore Maiman">Theodore Maiman</a>&nbsp;|
1984/5: <a href="Conyers_Herring" title="Conyers Herring">Conyers Herring</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Philippe_Nozi%C3%A8res" title="Philippe Nozières">Philippe Nozières</a>&nbsp;|
1986: <a href="Mitchell_Feigenbaum" title="Mitchell Feigenbaum">Mitchell Feigenbaum</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Albert_J._Libchaber" title="Albert J. Libchaber">Albert J. Libchaber</a>&nbsp;|
1987: <a href="Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a>&nbsp;|
1988: <a href="Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>&nbsp;|
1989: <i>nicht vergeben</i>&nbsp;|
1990: <a href="Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a>,&nbsp;<a href="David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">David J. Thouless</a>&nbsp;|
1991: <a href="Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Valentine_Telegdi" title="Valentine Telegdi">Valentine Telegdi</a>&nbsp;|
1992: <a href="Joseph_Hooton_Taylor%2C_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.">Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.</a>&nbsp;|
1993: <a href="Beno%C3%AEt_Mandelbrot" title="Benoît Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a>&nbsp;|
1994/5: <a href="Witali_Lasarewitsch_Ginsburg" title="Witali Lasarewitsch Ginsburg">Witali Ginsburg</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Y%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Nambu" title="Yōichirō Nambu">Yōichirō Nambu</a>&nbsp;|
1995/6: <i>nicht vergeben</i>&nbsp;|
1996/7: <a href="John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a>&nbsp;|
1998: <a href="Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Michael_Berry_(Physiker)" title="Michael Berry (Physiker)">Michael Berry</a>&nbsp;|
1999: <a href="Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a>&nbsp;|
2000: <a href="Raymond_Davis_junior" title="Raymond Davis junior">Raymond Davis junior</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Masatoshi Koshiba</a>&nbsp;|
2001: <i>nicht vergeben</i>&nbsp;|
2002/3: <a href="Bertrand_Halperin" title="Bertrand Halperin">Bertrand Halperin</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Anthony James Leggett</a>&nbsp;|
2004: <a href="Robert_Brout" title="Robert Brout">Robert Brout</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a>&nbsp;|
2005: <a href="Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a>&nbsp;|
2006/7: <a href="Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a>&nbsp;|
2008–2009: <i>nicht vergeben</i>&nbsp;|
2010: <a href="John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">John Clauser</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a>&nbsp;|
2011: <a href="Maximilian_Haider_(Physiker)" title="Maximilian Haider (Physiker)">Maximilian Haider</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Harald_Rose_(Physiker)" title="Harald Rose (Physiker)">Harald Rose</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Knut_Urban" title="Knut Urban">Knut Urban</a>&nbsp;|
2012: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacob Bekenstein</a>&nbsp;|
2013: <a href="Peter_Zoller" title="Peter Zoller">Peter Zoller</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Juan_Ignacio_Cirac_Sasturain" title="Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain">Ignacio Cirac</a>&nbsp;|
2014: <i>nicht vergeben</i>&nbsp;|
2015: <a href="James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken">James Bjorken</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Robert_Kirshner" title="Robert Kirshner">Robert Kirshner</a>&nbsp;|
2016: <a href="Yoseph_Imry" title="Yoseph Imry">Yoseph Imry</a>&nbsp;|
2017: <a href="Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a>&nbsp;|
2018: <a href="Charles_H._Bennett_(Physiker)" title="Charles H. Bennett (Physiker)">Charles H. Bennett</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Gilles_Brassard" title="Gilles Brassard">Gilles Brassard</a>&nbsp;|
2019: <i>nicht vergeben</i>&nbsp;|
2020: <a href="Rafi_Bistritzer" title="Rafi Bistritzer">Rafi Bistritzer</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Pablo_Jarillo-Herrero" title="Pablo Jarillo-Herrero">Pablo Jarillo-Herrero</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Allan_H._MacDonald" title="Allan H. MacDonald">Allan H. MacDonald</a>&nbsp;|
2021: <a href="Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a>&nbsp;|
2022: <a href="Anne_L%E2%80%99Huillier" title="Anne L’Huillier">Anne L’Huillier</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Paul_Corkum" title="Paul Corkum">Paul Corkum</a>,&nbsp;<a href="Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a>&nbsp;|
2023: <i>nicht vergeben</i>&nbsp;|
2024: <a href="Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a>
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Normdaten&nbsp;(Person): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124853692">124853692</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013058773">no2013058773</a></span> | <a href="Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/23085366/">23085366</a></span> | </div>
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